Atuação da vontade: um novo modo de fazer ciência e arte no Ocidente

Abstract

In this work we have pointed out some of the aspects concerning the changes that occurred in way the western culture investigated Nature. These developments were particularly visible (observed) in the German world and were characterized by the changing position of the investigator when relating the object of his /her research as well as the spectator before a masterpiece. This movement concerning the investigator and the spectator started from the act of objectifying Nature to a situation where they interact with the object of investigation as well as the artistic work. Such change took place mainly in Germany starting in the last decade of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The pointed displacement could occur in that country because of its strong romantic tradition with its typical subjectivity. The strong subjectivism of German culture was responsible for the appearance of German Idealism, philosophical system that took place in the beginning of the 19th century. Johann Fichte stood out as one of its initiators. He and others thinkers connected to that philosophical tendency provided the theoretical framework to Romanticism found Romanticism theoretically, since idealism subjectifies reality . Generations of students that belong to the world of German culture during the 19th century have concluded their studies in that environment where Romanticism and subjectivism had a widespread influence. So it was be difficult for them to be out of that context. Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and others who have formulated quantum mechanics as well Ernst Kirchner, one of the expressionism exponents, are certainly included among those pointed scholars and, therefore, their works reflected the culture in which they were plunged in